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ligand for egfr  (R&D Systems)


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    Structured Review

    R&D Systems ligand for egfr
    (A) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of normal duodenum containing Brunner’s glands (nDUO-BG) and duodenal neuroendocrine tumor (DNET). Dashed boxes indicate regions shown at higher magnification. (B) Immunohistochemical staining for synaptophysin (SYP) confirming neuroendocrine differentiation in DNET. (C-D) Immunohistochemical staining for TGFα <t>and</t> <t>EREG</t> in tumor-associated Brunner’s glands (tBG) and DNET. Dashed boxes indicate tumor-gland interfaces. (E-F) Quantification of TGFα and EREG expression by H-score in nDUO-BG, tBG, and DNET. Data are mean ± SEM; ns, not significant; ****P < 0.0001. (G) <t>EGFR</t> immunostaining in nDUO-BG and DNET showing heterogeneous expression across tissues. (H) Menin immunostaining in nDUO-BG and DNET. (I) Representative FFPE DNET specimens showing cytoplasmic or near-absent Menin expression, accompanied by strong TGFα and EREG staining within tumor cells. (J) Quantification of Menin nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio in nDUO-BG and DNET. Data are mean ± SEM; ****P < 0.0001. Images were taken at 100X, 200X and 400X. Scale bars: 100 μm (low magnification) and 50 μm (high magnification).
    Ligand For Egfr, supplied by R&D Systems, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 25 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/recombinant+epiregulin/Recombinant+Human+Epiregulin+Protein/bio_rxiv__64898__2026__04__07__717082-73-23-26
    Average 93 stars, based on 25 article reviews
    ligand for egfr - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
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    Images

    1) Product Images from "Extracellular signalling regulates gastrin transcription through site-specific phosphorylation and nuclear redistribution of Menin"

    Article Title: Extracellular signalling regulates gastrin transcription through site-specific phosphorylation and nuclear redistribution of Menin

    Journal: bioRxiv

    doi: 10.64898/2026.04.07.717082

    (A) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of normal duodenum containing Brunner’s glands (nDUO-BG) and duodenal neuroendocrine tumor (DNET). Dashed boxes indicate regions shown at higher magnification. (B) Immunohistochemical staining for synaptophysin (SYP) confirming neuroendocrine differentiation in DNET. (C-D) Immunohistochemical staining for TGFα and EREG in tumor-associated Brunner’s glands (tBG) and DNET. Dashed boxes indicate tumor-gland interfaces. (E-F) Quantification of TGFα and EREG expression by H-score in nDUO-BG, tBG, and DNET. Data are mean ± SEM; ns, not significant; ****P < 0.0001. (G) EGFR immunostaining in nDUO-BG and DNET showing heterogeneous expression across tissues. (H) Menin immunostaining in nDUO-BG and DNET. (I) Representative FFPE DNET specimens showing cytoplasmic or near-absent Menin expression, accompanied by strong TGFα and EREG staining within tumor cells. (J) Quantification of Menin nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio in nDUO-BG and DNET. Data are mean ± SEM; ****P < 0.0001. Images were taken at 100X, 200X and 400X. Scale bars: 100 μm (low magnification) and 50 μm (high magnification).
    Figure Legend Snippet: (A) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of normal duodenum containing Brunner’s glands (nDUO-BG) and duodenal neuroendocrine tumor (DNET). Dashed boxes indicate regions shown at higher magnification. (B) Immunohistochemical staining for synaptophysin (SYP) confirming neuroendocrine differentiation in DNET. (C-D) Immunohistochemical staining for TGFα and EREG in tumor-associated Brunner’s glands (tBG) and DNET. Dashed boxes indicate tumor-gland interfaces. (E-F) Quantification of TGFα and EREG expression by H-score in nDUO-BG, tBG, and DNET. Data are mean ± SEM; ns, not significant; ****P < 0.0001. (G) EGFR immunostaining in nDUO-BG and DNET showing heterogeneous expression across tissues. (H) Menin immunostaining in nDUO-BG and DNET. (I) Representative FFPE DNET specimens showing cytoplasmic or near-absent Menin expression, accompanied by strong TGFα and EREG staining within tumor cells. (J) Quantification of Menin nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio in nDUO-BG and DNET. Data are mean ± SEM; ****P < 0.0001. Images were taken at 100X, 200X and 400X. Scale bars: 100 μm (low magnification) and 50 μm (high magnification).

    Techniques Used: Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing, Immunostaining

    (A) Multiple sequence alignment of the Menin C-terminal region from the indicated vertebrate species showing strong conservation of a basic residue–rich motif encompassing Ser487. Conserved basic residues and Ser487 are highlighted. (B) Schematic of human Menin illustrating the position of Ser487 within NLS1. The expanded sequence highlights Ser487 and surrounding basic residues; constructs used in this study. (C) Immunoblot analysis of AGS cells expressing FLAG-tagged wild-type Menin or Ser487 mutants (S487A, S487D) following treatment with EREG, FSK, or TPA. Whole-cell lysates were probed with antibodies against phospho-Ser487 Menin, FLAG-Menin, and GAPDH. (D, E) Immunoblot analysis of MKN-45G and KATO III cells expressing wild-type Menin following stimulation with EREG, FSK, or TPA. Blots were probed for phospho-Ser487 Menin, FLAG-Menin, and β-tubulin. (F, H) Quantification of phospho-Ser487 Menin in AGS, KATO III and MKN-45G cells. (I) Immunoblot analysis of AGS cells examining activation of cAMP and EGFR downstream kinases under the indicated conditions. (J) Densitometric quantification of signalling outputs shown in (I), expressed as fold change relative to vector control. (K) Time-course of Ser487 phosphorylation in AGS cells stimulated with TPA in the presence of kinase inhibitors; MEK inhibitor (U0126), AKT inhibitor (MK-2206), PKC inhibitor (Gö6983), or combined MEK+AKT inhibition. (L) Quantification of Ser487 phosphorylation kinetics following TPA stimulation with the indicated inhibitors. (M) Area-under-the-curve (AUC) analysis of phosphorylation in (L). Data are presented as mean ± SEM; individual data points represent independent biological replicates (n = 3). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001; ns, not significant).
    Figure Legend Snippet: (A) Multiple sequence alignment of the Menin C-terminal region from the indicated vertebrate species showing strong conservation of a basic residue–rich motif encompassing Ser487. Conserved basic residues and Ser487 are highlighted. (B) Schematic of human Menin illustrating the position of Ser487 within NLS1. The expanded sequence highlights Ser487 and surrounding basic residues; constructs used in this study. (C) Immunoblot analysis of AGS cells expressing FLAG-tagged wild-type Menin or Ser487 mutants (S487A, S487D) following treatment with EREG, FSK, or TPA. Whole-cell lysates were probed with antibodies against phospho-Ser487 Menin, FLAG-Menin, and GAPDH. (D, E) Immunoblot analysis of MKN-45G and KATO III cells expressing wild-type Menin following stimulation with EREG, FSK, or TPA. Blots were probed for phospho-Ser487 Menin, FLAG-Menin, and β-tubulin. (F, H) Quantification of phospho-Ser487 Menin in AGS, KATO III and MKN-45G cells. (I) Immunoblot analysis of AGS cells examining activation of cAMP and EGFR downstream kinases under the indicated conditions. (J) Densitometric quantification of signalling outputs shown in (I), expressed as fold change relative to vector control. (K) Time-course of Ser487 phosphorylation in AGS cells stimulated with TPA in the presence of kinase inhibitors; MEK inhibitor (U0126), AKT inhibitor (MK-2206), PKC inhibitor (Gö6983), or combined MEK+AKT inhibition. (L) Quantification of Ser487 phosphorylation kinetics following TPA stimulation with the indicated inhibitors. (M) Area-under-the-curve (AUC) analysis of phosphorylation in (L). Data are presented as mean ± SEM; individual data points represent independent biological replicates (n = 3). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001; ns, not significant).

    Techniques Used: Sequencing, Residue, Construct, Western Blot, Expressing, Activation Assay, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Phospho-proteomics, Inhibition, Comparison

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    (A) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of normal duodenum containing Brunner’s glands (nDUO-BG) and duodenal neuroendocrine tumor (DNET). Dashed boxes indicate regions shown at higher magnification. (B) Immunohistochemical staining for synaptophysin (SYP) confirming neuroendocrine differentiation in DNET. (C-D) Immunohistochemical staining for TGFα <t>and</t> <t>EREG</t> in tumor-associated Brunner’s glands (tBG) and DNET. Dashed boxes indicate tumor-gland interfaces. (E-F) Quantification of TGFα and EREG expression by H-score in nDUO-BG, tBG, and DNET. Data are mean ± SEM; ns, not significant; ****P < 0.0001. (G) <t>EGFR</t> immunostaining in nDUO-BG and DNET showing heterogeneous expression across tissues. (H) Menin immunostaining in nDUO-BG and DNET. (I) Representative FFPE DNET specimens showing cytoplasmic or near-absent Menin expression, accompanied by strong TGFα and EREG staining within tumor cells. (J) Quantification of Menin nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio in nDUO-BG and DNET. Data are mean ± SEM; ****P < 0.0001. Images were taken at 100X, 200X and 400X. Scale bars: 100 μm (low magnification) and 50 μm (high magnification).
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    Image Search Results


    (A) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of normal duodenum containing Brunner’s glands (nDUO-BG) and duodenal neuroendocrine tumor (DNET). Dashed boxes indicate regions shown at higher magnification. (B) Immunohistochemical staining for synaptophysin (SYP) confirming neuroendocrine differentiation in DNET. (C-D) Immunohistochemical staining for TGFα and EREG in tumor-associated Brunner’s glands (tBG) and DNET. Dashed boxes indicate tumor-gland interfaces. (E-F) Quantification of TGFα and EREG expression by H-score in nDUO-BG, tBG, and DNET. Data are mean ± SEM; ns, not significant; ****P < 0.0001. (G) EGFR immunostaining in nDUO-BG and DNET showing heterogeneous expression across tissues. (H) Menin immunostaining in nDUO-BG and DNET. (I) Representative FFPE DNET specimens showing cytoplasmic or near-absent Menin expression, accompanied by strong TGFα and EREG staining within tumor cells. (J) Quantification of Menin nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio in nDUO-BG and DNET. Data are mean ± SEM; ****P < 0.0001. Images were taken at 100X, 200X and 400X. Scale bars: 100 μm (low magnification) and 50 μm (high magnification).

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Extracellular signalling regulates gastrin transcription through site-specific phosphorylation and nuclear redistribution of Menin

    doi: 10.64898/2026.04.07.717082

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of normal duodenum containing Brunner’s glands (nDUO-BG) and duodenal neuroendocrine tumor (DNET). Dashed boxes indicate regions shown at higher magnification. (B) Immunohistochemical staining for synaptophysin (SYP) confirming neuroendocrine differentiation in DNET. (C-D) Immunohistochemical staining for TGFα and EREG in tumor-associated Brunner’s glands (tBG) and DNET. Dashed boxes indicate tumor-gland interfaces. (E-F) Quantification of TGFα and EREG expression by H-score in nDUO-BG, tBG, and DNET. Data are mean ± SEM; ns, not significant; ****P < 0.0001. (G) EGFR immunostaining in nDUO-BG and DNET showing heterogeneous expression across tissues. (H) Menin immunostaining in nDUO-BG and DNET. (I) Representative FFPE DNET specimens showing cytoplasmic or near-absent Menin expression, accompanied by strong TGFα and EREG staining within tumor cells. (J) Quantification of Menin nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio in nDUO-BG and DNET. Data are mean ± SEM; ****P < 0.0001. Images were taken at 100X, 200X and 400X. Scale bars: 100 μm (low magnification) and 50 μm (high magnification).

    Article Snippet: After 24 h, cells were serum-starved for 24 h, followed by treatment with either recombinant human eregulin (EREG) protein (10 nM), a potent ligand for EGFR (R&D systems, #1195-EP) or 10 μM Forskolin (FSK, ThermoFisher, #66575-29-9), activator of adenylyl cyclase and cyclic AMP or and 10nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA; Sigma-Aldrich, #P8139) for 4-8 h. Cells were lysed, and luciferase activity was measured using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, #E1980) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

    Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing, Immunostaining

    (A) Multiple sequence alignment of the Menin C-terminal region from the indicated vertebrate species showing strong conservation of a basic residue–rich motif encompassing Ser487. Conserved basic residues and Ser487 are highlighted. (B) Schematic of human Menin illustrating the position of Ser487 within NLS1. The expanded sequence highlights Ser487 and surrounding basic residues; constructs used in this study. (C) Immunoblot analysis of AGS cells expressing FLAG-tagged wild-type Menin or Ser487 mutants (S487A, S487D) following treatment with EREG, FSK, or TPA. Whole-cell lysates were probed with antibodies against phospho-Ser487 Menin, FLAG-Menin, and GAPDH. (D, E) Immunoblot analysis of MKN-45G and KATO III cells expressing wild-type Menin following stimulation with EREG, FSK, or TPA. Blots were probed for phospho-Ser487 Menin, FLAG-Menin, and β-tubulin. (F, H) Quantification of phospho-Ser487 Menin in AGS, KATO III and MKN-45G cells. (I) Immunoblot analysis of AGS cells examining activation of cAMP and EGFR downstream kinases under the indicated conditions. (J) Densitometric quantification of signalling outputs shown in (I), expressed as fold change relative to vector control. (K) Time-course of Ser487 phosphorylation in AGS cells stimulated with TPA in the presence of kinase inhibitors; MEK inhibitor (U0126), AKT inhibitor (MK-2206), PKC inhibitor (Gö6983), or combined MEK+AKT inhibition. (L) Quantification of Ser487 phosphorylation kinetics following TPA stimulation with the indicated inhibitors. (M) Area-under-the-curve (AUC) analysis of phosphorylation in (L). Data are presented as mean ± SEM; individual data points represent independent biological replicates (n = 3). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001; ns, not significant).

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Extracellular signalling regulates gastrin transcription through site-specific phosphorylation and nuclear redistribution of Menin

    doi: 10.64898/2026.04.07.717082

    Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Multiple sequence alignment of the Menin C-terminal region from the indicated vertebrate species showing strong conservation of a basic residue–rich motif encompassing Ser487. Conserved basic residues and Ser487 are highlighted. (B) Schematic of human Menin illustrating the position of Ser487 within NLS1. The expanded sequence highlights Ser487 and surrounding basic residues; constructs used in this study. (C) Immunoblot analysis of AGS cells expressing FLAG-tagged wild-type Menin or Ser487 mutants (S487A, S487D) following treatment with EREG, FSK, or TPA. Whole-cell lysates were probed with antibodies against phospho-Ser487 Menin, FLAG-Menin, and GAPDH. (D, E) Immunoblot analysis of MKN-45G and KATO III cells expressing wild-type Menin following stimulation with EREG, FSK, or TPA. Blots were probed for phospho-Ser487 Menin, FLAG-Menin, and β-tubulin. (F, H) Quantification of phospho-Ser487 Menin in AGS, KATO III and MKN-45G cells. (I) Immunoblot analysis of AGS cells examining activation of cAMP and EGFR downstream kinases under the indicated conditions. (J) Densitometric quantification of signalling outputs shown in (I), expressed as fold change relative to vector control. (K) Time-course of Ser487 phosphorylation in AGS cells stimulated with TPA in the presence of kinase inhibitors; MEK inhibitor (U0126), AKT inhibitor (MK-2206), PKC inhibitor (Gö6983), or combined MEK+AKT inhibition. (L) Quantification of Ser487 phosphorylation kinetics following TPA stimulation with the indicated inhibitors. (M) Area-under-the-curve (AUC) analysis of phosphorylation in (L). Data are presented as mean ± SEM; individual data points represent independent biological replicates (n = 3). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001; ns, not significant).

    Article Snippet: After 24 h, cells were serum-starved for 24 h, followed by treatment with either recombinant human eregulin (EREG) protein (10 nM), a potent ligand for EGFR (R&D systems, #1195-EP) or 10 μM Forskolin (FSK, ThermoFisher, #66575-29-9), activator of adenylyl cyclase and cyclic AMP or and 10nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA; Sigma-Aldrich, #P8139) for 4-8 h. Cells were lysed, and luciferase activity was measured using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, #E1980) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

    Techniques: Sequencing, Residue, Construct, Western Blot, Expressing, Activation Assay, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Phospho-proteomics, Inhibition, Comparison

    UMAP projections of the major cell class composition in a Xenium image of both an A) EGF-tHIO and B) EREG-tHIO. C) Stacked bar graph summarizing the percent cellular composition of the EGF-tHIO (left) and EREG-tHIO (right) samples. Cell ID masks generated in XE depicting 1) the entire sample acquired for the D) EGF-tHIO and E) EREG-tHIO. Scale bar = 5000µm. The white box indicates the ROI depicted in D2/E2-D7/E7. D2-7 and E2-7 display the cell sub-type distribution of each major cell class identified using the Xenium panel visualized as 2) the major cell class mask, 3) the epithelium sub-types, 4) the fibroblast sub-types, 5) the SMC-related sub-types, 6) the ENS sub-types, and 7) the endothelium sub-types. Scale bar = 500µm Cell classes are color matched in A-E ; epithelium (gold), fibroblasts (navy), muscularis mucosa (MM, light green), SMC and pericytes (dark green), ENS (yellow), and endothelium (cyan). No immune cells were observed in either tHIO sample. DAPI staining of cell nuclei depicted in grey.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Mapping mesenchymal diversity in the developing human intestine and organoids

    doi: 10.1101/2025.07.22.665939

    Figure Lengend Snippet: UMAP projections of the major cell class composition in a Xenium image of both an A) EGF-tHIO and B) EREG-tHIO. C) Stacked bar graph summarizing the percent cellular composition of the EGF-tHIO (left) and EREG-tHIO (right) samples. Cell ID masks generated in XE depicting 1) the entire sample acquired for the D) EGF-tHIO and E) EREG-tHIO. Scale bar = 5000µm. The white box indicates the ROI depicted in D2/E2-D7/E7. D2-7 and E2-7 display the cell sub-type distribution of each major cell class identified using the Xenium panel visualized as 2) the major cell class mask, 3) the epithelium sub-types, 4) the fibroblast sub-types, 5) the SMC-related sub-types, 6) the ENS sub-types, and 7) the endothelium sub-types. Scale bar = 500µm Cell classes are color matched in A-E ; epithelium (gold), fibroblasts (navy), muscularis mucosa (MM, light green), SMC and pericytes (dark green), ENS (yellow), and endothelium (cyan). No immune cells were observed in either tHIO sample. DAPI staining of cell nuclei depicted in grey.

    Article Snippet: Organoid basal growth media was supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF) (100 ng/mL R&D Systems Cat#236-EG-01M) or Epiregulin (EREG) (10 ng/mL R&D Systems Cat#1195-EP-025/CF) with Noggin-Fc (100ng/mL, purified from conditioned media), and R-Spondin1 (5% conditioned medium) for the first three days of culture to pattern a proximal small intestine.

    Techniques: Generated, Staining

    UMAP projections of the fibroblast cell class composition in a Xenium image of both an A) EGF-tHIO and B) EREG-tHIO. C) Stacked bar graph summarizing the percent cellular composition of the EGF-tHIO (left) and EREG-tHIO (right) samples. Cell ID masks generated in XE depicting D) EGF-tHIO and E) EREG-tHIO samples. 1) XE cell mask summarizing the major cell classes for the tHIOs to landmark fibroblast population locations. Fibroblast sub-type distribution is depicted as 2) the F3 + SECs, 3) the FABP5 + early LPFs, 4) the ADAMDEC1 + late LPFs, 5) the SHISA3 + SMFs, and 6) the CXCL13 + Fibroblasts. 7) depicts the composite mask summarizing all fibroblast cell types in the tHIOs. Scale bars = 100µm

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Mapping mesenchymal diversity in the developing human intestine and organoids

    doi: 10.1101/2025.07.22.665939

    Figure Lengend Snippet: UMAP projections of the fibroblast cell class composition in a Xenium image of both an A) EGF-tHIO and B) EREG-tHIO. C) Stacked bar graph summarizing the percent cellular composition of the EGF-tHIO (left) and EREG-tHIO (right) samples. Cell ID masks generated in XE depicting D) EGF-tHIO and E) EREG-tHIO samples. 1) XE cell mask summarizing the major cell classes for the tHIOs to landmark fibroblast population locations. Fibroblast sub-type distribution is depicted as 2) the F3 + SECs, 3) the FABP5 + early LPFs, 4) the ADAMDEC1 + late LPFs, 5) the SHISA3 + SMFs, and 6) the CXCL13 + Fibroblasts. 7) depicts the composite mask summarizing all fibroblast cell types in the tHIOs. Scale bars = 100µm

    Article Snippet: Organoid basal growth media was supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF) (100 ng/mL R&D Systems Cat#236-EG-01M) or Epiregulin (EREG) (10 ng/mL R&D Systems Cat#1195-EP-025/CF) with Noggin-Fc (100ng/mL, purified from conditioned media), and R-Spondin1 (5% conditioned medium) for the first three days of culture to pattern a proximal small intestine.

    Techniques: Generated

    Proliferation phenotype of THBS1 + tissue monocytes. (A) t-SNE plot of the distribution of the Mo/Mφ population at ALPPS stage II. Results are color-coded according to the growth factor gene expression level. MP, Mo/Mφ population. (B) Violin and t-SNE plots of the EREG expression in THBS1 + tissue monocytes, i.e., THBS1 + tissue monocytes. (C) Network of hepatocyte receptor interactions (left panel) and bubble plot of monocyte cluster ligand and hepatocyte receptor interactions (right panel). (D) Bubble plot showing the expression of receptors in monocyte clusters. (E) Boxplot representing a comparison of the peak concentrations of EREG in the plasma of patients at ALPPS stages I and II. *, P<0.05. (F) Line chart showing the OD450 values of hepatocytes in the EREG group and control group following CCK-8 incubation. (G) In the liver tissue from the murine model of ALPPS, regeneration was impaired after systemic neutralization of EREG. (H) Survival analysis of EREG rescue versus vehicle treatment for mice with PHLF. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001 (actual P values were reported in results). ALPPS, associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; EREG, epiregulin; FLR, future liver remnant; Mo, monocytes; Mφ, macrophages; MP, Mo/Mφ population; PHLF, post-hepatectomy liver failure; TM, tissue monocyte; t-SNE, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding.

    Journal: Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition

    Article Title: EREG-secreting THBS1 + tissue monocytes are recruited by C5a to promote rapid liver regeneration in patients and mice during the ALPPS procedure

    doi: 10.21037/hbsn-24-391

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Proliferation phenotype of THBS1 + tissue monocytes. (A) t-SNE plot of the distribution of the Mo/Mφ population at ALPPS stage II. Results are color-coded according to the growth factor gene expression level. MP, Mo/Mφ population. (B) Violin and t-SNE plots of the EREG expression in THBS1 + tissue monocytes, i.e., THBS1 + tissue monocytes. (C) Network of hepatocyte receptor interactions (left panel) and bubble plot of monocyte cluster ligand and hepatocyte receptor interactions (right panel). (D) Bubble plot showing the expression of receptors in monocyte clusters. (E) Boxplot representing a comparison of the peak concentrations of EREG in the plasma of patients at ALPPS stages I and II. *, P<0.05. (F) Line chart showing the OD450 values of hepatocytes in the EREG group and control group following CCK-8 incubation. (G) In the liver tissue from the murine model of ALPPS, regeneration was impaired after systemic neutralization of EREG. (H) Survival analysis of EREG rescue versus vehicle treatment for mice with PHLF. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001 (actual P values were reported in results). ALPPS, associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; EREG, epiregulin; FLR, future liver remnant; Mo, monocytes; Mφ, macrophages; MP, Mo/Mφ population; PHLF, post-hepatectomy liver failure; TM, tissue monocyte; t-SNE, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding.

    Article Snippet: The cells were resuspended in minimum essential medium (MEM) containing 10% FBS with recombinant EREG (5 μg/mL; rmEpiregulin/CF, 1068-EP-050/CF, R&D Systems), recombinant AREG (5 μg/mL; rmAmphiregulin/CF, 989-AR-100/CF, R&D Systems), recombinant EREG plus recombinant AREG (5 μg/mL), or vehicle control and inoculated into a 96 well plate with 1,000 cells per well.

    Techniques: Gene Expression, Expressing, Comparison, Clinical Proteomics, Control, CCK-8 Assay, Incubation, Neutralization, Ligation, Cell Counting

    THBS1 + tissue monocytes were recruited through C5a. (A) Multiplexed immunofluorescence staining, showing the distribution of C5aR1 + monocytes (CD14 + C5aR1 + ). (B) Immunohistochemical staining of C5a at ALPPS stage I (upper left) and stage II (lower left). The H-score shows the up-regulation of C5a expression in hepatocytes from ALPPS stage I to stage II. *, P<0.05. (C) Liver samples from the murine ALPSS model on POD1 and POD5 (left). The boxplot represents comparisons of the FLR to body weight ratio between the control group and PMX-53 group on POD1 and POD5. (D) Immunohistochemical staining of Ki-67 for the control group and PMX-5 group on POD1 and POD5 (left). The boxplot shows comparisons of the ratios of Ki-67 + cells between the control and PMX-53 group on POD1 and POD5 (right). (E) Boxplot showing the EREG expression in the control and PMX-53 group on POD1 and POD5. (F) Schematic diagram of the ALPPS-induced liver regeneration. *, P<0.05 (actual P values were reported in results). ALPPS, associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy; EREG, epiregulin; IF, immunofluorescence; IHC, immunohistochemistry; FLR, future liver remnant; POD, post-operation day.

    Journal: Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition

    Article Title: EREG-secreting THBS1 + tissue monocytes are recruited by C5a to promote rapid liver regeneration in patients and mice during the ALPPS procedure

    doi: 10.21037/hbsn-24-391

    Figure Lengend Snippet: THBS1 + tissue monocytes were recruited through C5a. (A) Multiplexed immunofluorescence staining, showing the distribution of C5aR1 + monocytes (CD14 + C5aR1 + ). (B) Immunohistochemical staining of C5a at ALPPS stage I (upper left) and stage II (lower left). The H-score shows the up-regulation of C5a expression in hepatocytes from ALPPS stage I to stage II. *, P<0.05. (C) Liver samples from the murine ALPSS model on POD1 and POD5 (left). The boxplot represents comparisons of the FLR to body weight ratio between the control group and PMX-53 group on POD1 and POD5. (D) Immunohistochemical staining of Ki-67 for the control group and PMX-5 group on POD1 and POD5 (left). The boxplot shows comparisons of the ratios of Ki-67 + cells between the control and PMX-53 group on POD1 and POD5 (right). (E) Boxplot showing the EREG expression in the control and PMX-53 group on POD1 and POD5. (F) Schematic diagram of the ALPPS-induced liver regeneration. *, P<0.05 (actual P values were reported in results). ALPPS, associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy; EREG, epiregulin; IF, immunofluorescence; IHC, immunohistochemistry; FLR, future liver remnant; POD, post-operation day.

    Article Snippet: The cells were resuspended in minimum essential medium (MEM) containing 10% FBS with recombinant EREG (5 μg/mL; rmEpiregulin/CF, 1068-EP-050/CF, R&D Systems), recombinant AREG (5 μg/mL; rmAmphiregulin/CF, 989-AR-100/CF, R&D Systems), recombinant EREG plus recombinant AREG (5 μg/mL), or vehicle control and inoculated into a 96 well plate with 1,000 cells per well.

    Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing, Control, Ligation, Immunohistochemistry

    Figure 1. EREG-HIOs grown in vitro spontaneously and simultaneously pattern endothelium, smooth muscle, and neural components (A) Schematic of HIO-directed differentiation using standard EGF conditions (gray) and experimental EREG conditions (pink). (B) UMAP visualization of snRNA-seq from 28-day in vitro-grown EREG-HIOs in 10 ng/mL of EREG (n = 1 sequencing run of over 20 combined HIOs). (C) Dot plot visualization for expression of canonical markers of neurons (S100B, PLP1, STMN2, and ELAVL4), endothelial cells (CDH5, KDR, ECSCR, and CLDN5), mesenchyme (COL1A1, COL1A2, and DCN), smooth muscle (ACTA2, TAGLN, ACTG2, and MYLK), epithelium (EPCAM, CDH1, CDX2, and CLDN4), immune cells (PTPRC, ARHGDIB, and CORO1A), and proliferative cells (MKI67 and TOP2A) in EREG-grown (10 ng/mL) HIOs.

    Journal: Cell stem cell

    Article Title: Coordinated differentiation of human intestinal organoids with functional enteric neurons and vasculature.

    doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2025.02.007

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1. EREG-HIOs grown in vitro spontaneously and simultaneously pattern endothelium, smooth muscle, and neural components (A) Schematic of HIO-directed differentiation using standard EGF conditions (gray) and experimental EREG conditions (pink). (B) UMAP visualization of snRNA-seq from 28-day in vitro-grown EREG-HIOs in 10 ng/mL of EREG (n = 1 sequencing run of over 20 combined HIOs). (C) Dot plot visualization for expression of canonical markers of neurons (S100B, PLP1, STMN2, and ELAVL4), endothelial cells (CDH5, KDR, ECSCR, and CLDN5), mesenchyme (COL1A1, COL1A2, and DCN), smooth muscle (ACTA2, TAGLN, ACTG2, and MYLK), epithelium (EPCAM, CDH1, CDX2, and CLDN4), immune cells (PTPRC, ARHGDIB, and CORO1A), and proliferative cells (MKI67 and TOP2A) in EREG-grown (10 ng/mL) HIOs.

    Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) R&D Systems Cat#236-EG Epiregulin (EREG) R&D Systems Cat#1195-EP Recombinant Human Noggin-FC Purified from HEK293 cells expressing FC-tagged Noggin N/A Human R-Spondin1 Purified from Conditioned Medium from Cultrex HA-R-Spondin1-FC 293 T-Cells Cat# 3710-001-01 B27 Supplement Thermo Fisher Cat#17504044 HEPES Gibco Cat#15630080 GlutaMAX Gibco Cat#35050061 Penicillin-Streptomycin Thermo Fisher Cat#15140122 mTeSR 1 Stemcell Technologies Cat#85850 RPMI 1640 Thermo Fisher Cat#11875093 FBS Sigma Cat#12103C Dimethyl phenyl piperazinium Sigma Cat#D5891 NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester Sigma Cat#N5751 Atropine sulfate salt monohydrate Sigma Cat#A0132 Neurotoxin tetrodotoxin Tocris Cat#1078 M199 Gibco Cat#11150067 Heparin Sigma Cat#H3149-100KU FGF2 R&D Systems Cat#236-EG-01M N-acetylcysteine Sigma Cat#A9165-25G Accutase Corning Cat#MT2508CI Carbamyl-b-methylcholine chloride Sigma Cat#C5259 Scopolamine hydrobromide Tocris Cat#1414 Fibrinogen from bovine plasma Sigma Cat#F8630 Human Fibrinogen 1 Plasminogen Depleted Enzyme Research Lab Cat#FIB-1 X-Vivo 20 Lonza Cat#190995 Thrombin from bovine plasma Sigma Cat#T4648 StemSpan SFEM Stemcell Technologies Cat#9650 Knockout Serum Gibco Cat#10828010 Heparin Sigma Cat#H3149 FGF2 R&D Systems Cat#233-FB-MTO Aprotinin Sigma Cat#A6106 Critical commercial assays Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit Miltenyi Cat#130-092-628 103 Genomics Chromium Nuclei Isolation Kit 103 Genomics Cat#1000493 103 Chromium Controller v3 chemistry 103 Genomics Cat# 1000268 MagMax-96 Total RNA Isolation Kit/machine Thermo Fisher Cat#AM1830 SuperScript VILO cDNA Kit Thermo Fisher Cat#11754250 QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR Kit QIAGEN Cat#204145 MycoAlert Mycoplasma Detection Kit Lonza Cat#LT07-318 Proteome Profiler Human Phospho-Kinase Array Kit R&D Systems Cat#ARY003C Deposited data Raw scRNAseq data (human fetal intestine) Holloway et al.24 ArrayExpress: E-MTAB-9489 Raw scRNAseq data (HIO whole cell) This study ArrayExpress: E-MTAB-13463 Raw snRNAseq data (HIO and tHIO nuclei) This study ArrayExpress: E-MTAB-13469 Experimental models: Cell lines H9 ESC WiCell NIH registry#0062, RRID: CVCL_9773, female iPSC WTC11 Coriell Institute RRID: CVCL_Y803, male (Continued on next page) e2 Cell Stem Cell 32, 1–12.e1–e9, April 3, 2025

    Techniques: In Vitro, Sequencing, Expressing

    Figure 2. EREG-grown HIOs further mature and spatially organize after transplantation into murine kidney capsule (A) Schematic timeline of HIO transplantation experiment. (B) Representative IF staining of human fetal intestine (left; 127 days post conception), EGF-grown tHIO (middle; 12 weeks), and EREG-grown tHIO (right; 12 weeks) stained for the presence of smooth muscle (SM22; green), epithelium (ECAD; blue), and neurons (TUBB3; pink) in top panels. Bottom panels show stains for the presence of smooth muscle (SM22; green), epithelium (ECAD; blue), and endothelial cells (PECAM; pink). All scale bars, 50 mm. (C) Quantification of neurons (TUBB3+ cells) and human endothelial cell (PECAM+ cells) stains normalized to total area of section (DAPI+) for a 127-day post conception developing human intestine, EREG-grown, and EGF-grown tHIOs (n = 6 transplanted organoids and sections of human intestine). Statistical sig- nificance was determined using an ordinary one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons (ns—p R 0.05). (D) UMAP visualization of snRNA-seq of 12-week in vivo-grown tHIOs in 10ng/mL of EREG (n = 1 sequencing run of one tHIO). (E) Dot plot visualization for expression of canonical markers of neurons (S100B, PLP1, STMN2, and ELAVL4), endothelial cells (CDH5, KDR, ECSCR, and CLDN5), mesenchyme (VIM, COL1A1, COL1A2, and DCN), smooth muscle (ACTA2, TAGLN, ACTG2, and MYLK), epithelium (EPCAM, CDH1, CDX2, and CLDN4), immune cells (PTPRC, HLA-DRA, ARHGDIB, and CORO1A), and proliferative cells (MKI67 and TOP2A).

    Journal: Cell stem cell

    Article Title: Coordinated differentiation of human intestinal organoids with functional enteric neurons and vasculature.

    doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2025.02.007

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2. EREG-grown HIOs further mature and spatially organize after transplantation into murine kidney capsule (A) Schematic timeline of HIO transplantation experiment. (B) Representative IF staining of human fetal intestine (left; 127 days post conception), EGF-grown tHIO (middle; 12 weeks), and EREG-grown tHIO (right; 12 weeks) stained for the presence of smooth muscle (SM22; green), epithelium (ECAD; blue), and neurons (TUBB3; pink) in top panels. Bottom panels show stains for the presence of smooth muscle (SM22; green), epithelium (ECAD; blue), and endothelial cells (PECAM; pink). All scale bars, 50 mm. (C) Quantification of neurons (TUBB3+ cells) and human endothelial cell (PECAM+ cells) stains normalized to total area of section (DAPI+) for a 127-day post conception developing human intestine, EREG-grown, and EGF-grown tHIOs (n = 6 transplanted organoids and sections of human intestine). Statistical sig- nificance was determined using an ordinary one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons (ns—p R 0.05). (D) UMAP visualization of snRNA-seq of 12-week in vivo-grown tHIOs in 10ng/mL of EREG (n = 1 sequencing run of one tHIO). (E) Dot plot visualization for expression of canonical markers of neurons (S100B, PLP1, STMN2, and ELAVL4), endothelial cells (CDH5, KDR, ECSCR, and CLDN5), mesenchyme (VIM, COL1A1, COL1A2, and DCN), smooth muscle (ACTA2, TAGLN, ACTG2, and MYLK), epithelium (EPCAM, CDH1, CDX2, and CLDN4), immune cells (PTPRC, HLA-DRA, ARHGDIB, and CORO1A), and proliferative cells (MKI67 and TOP2A).

    Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) R&D Systems Cat#236-EG Epiregulin (EREG) R&D Systems Cat#1195-EP Recombinant Human Noggin-FC Purified from HEK293 cells expressing FC-tagged Noggin N/A Human R-Spondin1 Purified from Conditioned Medium from Cultrex HA-R-Spondin1-FC 293 T-Cells Cat# 3710-001-01 B27 Supplement Thermo Fisher Cat#17504044 HEPES Gibco Cat#15630080 GlutaMAX Gibco Cat#35050061 Penicillin-Streptomycin Thermo Fisher Cat#15140122 mTeSR 1 Stemcell Technologies Cat#85850 RPMI 1640 Thermo Fisher Cat#11875093 FBS Sigma Cat#12103C Dimethyl phenyl piperazinium Sigma Cat#D5891 NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester Sigma Cat#N5751 Atropine sulfate salt monohydrate Sigma Cat#A0132 Neurotoxin tetrodotoxin Tocris Cat#1078 M199 Gibco Cat#11150067 Heparin Sigma Cat#H3149-100KU FGF2 R&D Systems Cat#236-EG-01M N-acetylcysteine Sigma Cat#A9165-25G Accutase Corning Cat#MT2508CI Carbamyl-b-methylcholine chloride Sigma Cat#C5259 Scopolamine hydrobromide Tocris Cat#1414 Fibrinogen from bovine plasma Sigma Cat#F8630 Human Fibrinogen 1 Plasminogen Depleted Enzyme Research Lab Cat#FIB-1 X-Vivo 20 Lonza Cat#190995 Thrombin from bovine plasma Sigma Cat#T4648 StemSpan SFEM Stemcell Technologies Cat#9650 Knockout Serum Gibco Cat#10828010 Heparin Sigma Cat#H3149 FGF2 R&D Systems Cat#233-FB-MTO Aprotinin Sigma Cat#A6106 Critical commercial assays Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit Miltenyi Cat#130-092-628 103 Genomics Chromium Nuclei Isolation Kit 103 Genomics Cat#1000493 103 Chromium Controller v3 chemistry 103 Genomics Cat# 1000268 MagMax-96 Total RNA Isolation Kit/machine Thermo Fisher Cat#AM1830 SuperScript VILO cDNA Kit Thermo Fisher Cat#11754250 QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR Kit QIAGEN Cat#204145 MycoAlert Mycoplasma Detection Kit Lonza Cat#LT07-318 Proteome Profiler Human Phospho-Kinase Array Kit R&D Systems Cat#ARY003C Deposited data Raw scRNAseq data (human fetal intestine) Holloway et al.24 ArrayExpress: E-MTAB-9489 Raw scRNAseq data (HIO whole cell) This study ArrayExpress: E-MTAB-13463 Raw snRNAseq data (HIO and tHIO nuclei) This study ArrayExpress: E-MTAB-13469 Experimental models: Cell lines H9 ESC WiCell NIH registry#0062, RRID: CVCL_9773, female iPSC WTC11 Coriell Institute RRID: CVCL_Y803, male (Continued on next page) e2 Cell Stem Cell 32, 1–12.e1–e9, April 3, 2025

    Techniques: Transplantation Assay, Staining, In Vivo, Sequencing, Expressing

    Figure 4. EREG-grown HIOs pattern blood vessels that are functional both in vitro and in vivo (A) Schematic of workflow for whole-mount imaging in vitro EREG-grown HIOs. (B) Representative IF staining of n = 4 different EREG-grown (10 ng/mL) HIOs for the presence of endothelial cells (PECAM; red) and DAPI (gray). All scale bars, 100 mm. (C) IF staining of EGF-grown tHIO (left) and EREG-grown tHIO (right), with stains for DAPI (gray), autofluorescent red blood cells in the 488-laser channel (red), and human-specific PECAM antibody (yellow). All scale bars, 50 mm. (D) Schematic of workflow for in vivo EREG-grown tHIO functionality test for connection with host vasculature. (E) Representative whole-mount IF staining of EGF-grown (10 ng/mL) tHIOs and EREG-grown (10 ng/mL) tHIOs for the presence of human endothelial cells (hsPECAM; red), HIO mCherry tag (white), lectin dye administered through tail vein injection (yellow), and DAPI (blue). All scale bars, 100 mm. (F) Quantification of flow cytometry analysis to quantify the percentage of hsPECAM+/lectin+ cells. Three 12-week-old tHIOs per condition were pooled per condition to ensure adequate material for the experiment. (G) Schematic of workflow for in vitro EREG-grown HIO functionality test using RVEC microfluidic device. (H) Representative IF staining of the RVECs (red) connecting to HIOs (gray) by visualizing VE-CAD-conjugated antibody (yellow) after flow through device. Any tube marked by yellow only is an endogenous HIO EC that has formed a connection with RVECs (white arrows). See also Videos S1 and S2.

    Journal: Cell stem cell

    Article Title: Coordinated differentiation of human intestinal organoids with functional enteric neurons and vasculature.

    doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2025.02.007

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4. EREG-grown HIOs pattern blood vessels that are functional both in vitro and in vivo (A) Schematic of workflow for whole-mount imaging in vitro EREG-grown HIOs. (B) Representative IF staining of n = 4 different EREG-grown (10 ng/mL) HIOs for the presence of endothelial cells (PECAM; red) and DAPI (gray). All scale bars, 100 mm. (C) IF staining of EGF-grown tHIO (left) and EREG-grown tHIO (right), with stains for DAPI (gray), autofluorescent red blood cells in the 488-laser channel (red), and human-specific PECAM antibody (yellow). All scale bars, 50 mm. (D) Schematic of workflow for in vivo EREG-grown tHIO functionality test for connection with host vasculature. (E) Representative whole-mount IF staining of EGF-grown (10 ng/mL) tHIOs and EREG-grown (10 ng/mL) tHIOs for the presence of human endothelial cells (hsPECAM; red), HIO mCherry tag (white), lectin dye administered through tail vein injection (yellow), and DAPI (blue). All scale bars, 100 mm. (F) Quantification of flow cytometry analysis to quantify the percentage of hsPECAM+/lectin+ cells. Three 12-week-old tHIOs per condition were pooled per condition to ensure adequate material for the experiment. (G) Schematic of workflow for in vitro EREG-grown HIO functionality test using RVEC microfluidic device. (H) Representative IF staining of the RVECs (red) connecting to HIOs (gray) by visualizing VE-CAD-conjugated antibody (yellow) after flow through device. Any tube marked by yellow only is an endogenous HIO EC that has formed a connection with RVECs (white arrows). See also Videos S1 and S2.

    Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) R&D Systems Cat#236-EG Epiregulin (EREG) R&D Systems Cat#1195-EP Recombinant Human Noggin-FC Purified from HEK293 cells expressing FC-tagged Noggin N/A Human R-Spondin1 Purified from Conditioned Medium from Cultrex HA-R-Spondin1-FC 293 T-Cells Cat# 3710-001-01 B27 Supplement Thermo Fisher Cat#17504044 HEPES Gibco Cat#15630080 GlutaMAX Gibco Cat#35050061 Penicillin-Streptomycin Thermo Fisher Cat#15140122 mTeSR 1 Stemcell Technologies Cat#85850 RPMI 1640 Thermo Fisher Cat#11875093 FBS Sigma Cat#12103C Dimethyl phenyl piperazinium Sigma Cat#D5891 NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester Sigma Cat#N5751 Atropine sulfate salt monohydrate Sigma Cat#A0132 Neurotoxin tetrodotoxin Tocris Cat#1078 M199 Gibco Cat#11150067 Heparin Sigma Cat#H3149-100KU FGF2 R&D Systems Cat#236-EG-01M N-acetylcysteine Sigma Cat#A9165-25G Accutase Corning Cat#MT2508CI Carbamyl-b-methylcholine chloride Sigma Cat#C5259 Scopolamine hydrobromide Tocris Cat#1414 Fibrinogen from bovine plasma Sigma Cat#F8630 Human Fibrinogen 1 Plasminogen Depleted Enzyme Research Lab Cat#FIB-1 X-Vivo 20 Lonza Cat#190995 Thrombin from bovine plasma Sigma Cat#T4648 StemSpan SFEM Stemcell Technologies Cat#9650 Knockout Serum Gibco Cat#10828010 Heparin Sigma Cat#H3149 FGF2 R&D Systems Cat#233-FB-MTO Aprotinin Sigma Cat#A6106 Critical commercial assays Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit Miltenyi Cat#130-092-628 103 Genomics Chromium Nuclei Isolation Kit 103 Genomics Cat#1000493 103 Chromium Controller v3 chemistry 103 Genomics Cat# 1000268 MagMax-96 Total RNA Isolation Kit/machine Thermo Fisher Cat#AM1830 SuperScript VILO cDNA Kit Thermo Fisher Cat#11754250 QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR Kit QIAGEN Cat#204145 MycoAlert Mycoplasma Detection Kit Lonza Cat#LT07-318 Proteome Profiler Human Phospho-Kinase Array Kit R&D Systems Cat#ARY003C Deposited data Raw scRNAseq data (human fetal intestine) Holloway et al.24 ArrayExpress: E-MTAB-9489 Raw scRNAseq data (HIO whole cell) This study ArrayExpress: E-MTAB-13463 Raw snRNAseq data (HIO and tHIO nuclei) This study ArrayExpress: E-MTAB-13469 Experimental models: Cell lines H9 ESC WiCell NIH registry#0062, RRID: CVCL_9773, female iPSC WTC11 Coriell Institute RRID: CVCL_Y803, male (Continued on next page) e2 Cell Stem Cell 32, 1–12.e1–e9, April 3, 2025

    Techniques: Functional Assay, In Vitro, In Vivo, Imaging, Staining, Injection, Cytometry